Harmonium a Foreign Origin Musical Instrument used in Garhwali Folk Dramas

Review of Characteristics of Garhwali Folk Drama, Folk Theater/Rituals and Traditional Plays part -156

                  गढ़वाली लोक नाटकों के वाद्य यंत्र

                             

                     Bhishma Kukreti (लोक साहित्य शोधार्थी)

          French inventor Alexander Dubain patented Harmonium in 1843. The technology existed around 1780 especially in Churches. Harmonium is a keyboard instrument in which sound is produced by air being forced over a series of reeds.  The other names of Harmonium are free reed organ, pipe organ, pump organ or parlor organ.

  In end of eighteenth century or early nineteenth century , British brought Harmonium in India and became so famous that it is thought as invented in India and is also thought as if Harmonium was Indian music folk instrument.

           It seems British army brought Harmonium in Garhwal. However, Ramleela drama introduction in Garhwal made Harmonium popular in Garhwal in end of nineteenth century or early twentieth century. Harmonium is played in Ramleela or Raman folk drama in Garhwal and in marriage functions too.

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti 23/5/2014

Characteristics of Garhwali Folk Drama, Community Dramas; Folk Theater/Rituals and Traditional to be continued in next chapter

                 References

1-Bharat Natyashastra

2-Steve Tillis, 1999, Rethinking Folk Drama

3-Roger Abrahams, 1972, Folk Dramas in Folklore and Folk life 

4-Tekla Domotor , Folk drama as defined in Folklore and Theatrical Research

5-Kathyrn Hansen, 1991, Grounds for Play: The Nautanki Theater of North India

6-Devi Lal Samar, Lokdharmi Pradarshankari Kalayen 

7-Dr Shiv Prasad Dabral, Uttarakhand ka Itihas part 1-12

8-Dr Shiva Nand Nautiyal, Garhwal ke Loknritya geet

9-Jeremy Montagu, 2007, Origins and Development of Musical Instruments

10-Gayle Kassing, 2007, History of Dance: An Interactive Arts Approach

11- Bhishma Kukreti, 2013, Garhwali Lok Natkon ke Mukhya Tatva va Charitra, Shailvani, Kotdwara

12- Bhishma Kukreti, 2007, Garhwali Lok Swangun ma rasa ar Bhav , Chithipatri

13-Manorama Sharma, Tribal Melodies of Himachal Pradesh: Gaddi Folk Music

14- Anoop Chandola, 1977, Folk Drumming in Himalaya: A Linguistic Approach to Music 

15- Jugal Kishor Petshali, 2002, Uttaranchal ke Lok Vadya

16- Jason Busniewski, Bagpiping in the Indian Himalaya

17- Ian Woodfield, 2000, Music of the Raj

18-Stefen Fiol, 2008, Constructing Regionalism: Discourses of Spirituality and Cultural Poverty in Music of Uttarakhand, North India

19- Andrew Alter, Mountainous Sound Spaces-Listening to History and Music in the Uttarakhand Himalayas  

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Harmonium a Foreign Origin Musical Instrument used in Garhwali Folk Drama, Folk Rituals, Community Theaters and Traditional Plays; Harmonium a Foreign Origin Musical Instrument used  in Garhwali Folk Drama, Folk Rituals, Community Theaters and Traditional Plays from Chamoli Garhwal, North India, South Asia; Harmonium a Foreign Origin Musical Instrument used in Garhwali Folk Drama, Folk Rituals, Community Theaters and Traditional Plays from Rudraprayag Garhwal, North India, South Asia; Harmonium a Foreign Origin Musical Instrument used  in Garhwali Folk Drama, Folk Rituals, Community Theaters and Traditional Plays from Pauri Garhwal, North India, South Asia; Harmonium a Foreign Origin Musical Instrument used in Garhwali Folk Drama, Folk Rituals, Community Theaters and Traditional Plays from Tehri Garhwal, North India, South Asia; Harmonium a Foreign Origin Musical Instrument used in Garhwali Folk Drama, Folk Rituals, Community Theaters and Traditional Plays from Uttarkashi Garhwal, North India, South Asia; Harmonium a Foreign Origin Musical Instrument used   in Garhwali Folk Drama, Folk Rituals, Community Theaters and Traditional Plays from Dehradun Garhwal, North India, South Asia; Harmonium a Foreign Origin Musical Instrument used in Garhwali Folk Drama, Folk Rituals, Community Theaters and Traditional Plays from Haridwar Garhwal, North India, South Asia