History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Garhwal - 13
History of Gorkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal (1790-1815) -78
History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -597
By: Bhishma Kukreti (A History Student)
After capturing Garhwal, Gurkha/Gorkha needed money for army and campaign for west Himalaya. Gurkha /Gorkha divided Gurkha Army for Garhwal into three battalions and five companies into each battalion. Gurkha/Gorkha administrators or army men had to collect revenue by themselves for the salaries of Gurkha staff from villages.
In Garhwal king rule, Villages were demarked for revenue generation into following major types-
Vishnu Preet Gram or Villages Donated to Temples
The tax collected from village was for temple or a religious Math.
Khalsa Villages
The tax collected from such villages was deposited in central treasurer.
The tax used to be used for King family members.
Jagir Villages
Jagir were offered to ministers, army chiefs, army men , brave people, knowledgeable, artists and other elites.
Army commanders were given villages as Faujdari Ganv for keeping soldiers and paying their salaries etc.
In Gurkha /Gorkha rule, Vishnu Preet Villages were called Goonth Gram or Sadavrat Ganv but system was not changed.
There were no King Family Memebrs, hence the Sirkari and jagir were cancelled.
Apart from Sadavrat villages other villages came under Faujdari System.
The Faujdar (Army Company Commander) were offered villages for administration and collecting tax for salaries of army.
Fuajdar took help of Kamin or Sayana . Kamin and Sayana were regional or local village chiefs. Kamin was regional head and under him there were Sayana or deputy regional heads. Sayana used to control Ganvpadhan or Village chief for tax collection.
Gurkha called village chief as ‘Sayana’. Kamin and Sayana or Gaupadhan were local Garhwalis.
Kamin, Sayana and Gaupadhan were basic structure of Economics for Gurkha/Gorkha Kingdom.
Brahmin or Rajput could be Kamin or Sayana and Harijan were not appointed Sayana, Kamin etc.
The numbers of Kamin in Old Pauri Garhwal (Gangavar) were as follows-
Pargana------ Brahmin Kamin --------------Rajput Kamin -----------Total Kamin
Ajmeer ------------ x-----------------------------
Udaypur ------------x-----------------
Salan -----------------4------------
Barasyun--------------2-------
Devalgarh-------------x-------
Painkhanda-----------x--------
Kapiri ----------------1-------------
Kuthli----------------x-------
Nagpur-------------x----------
Chopdakot---------x-----------
Dhanpur-------------x---------
Chandpur-------------1--------
Badhan ---------------x--------------
Dashauli--------------1-------
Pinkandi--------------1-------
Lobha -----------------x------------
==============================
Total 16----------------10----------
==============================
It is obvious that in Salan, Brahmins Kamin were from Dhoundiyalsyun, Dhangu, Dabralsyun and a part of Khatli.
A couple of Kamins of Dhangu was Ghamdu Kalya Raut, Bhagdeu Bisht and Gablu Sobanu.
Dr Dabral offered the names of Sayana villages of of Dabralsyun in Gurkha rule in 1815-
Village ---------------Sayana
Galigaun-------------Gangu Sayano
Kuntanugau---------Heema Sayano
Davaligaun-----------Dheerju Sayano
Masogiganu-----------Jogi Sayano
Khamanigaun----------Beeju Sayano
Nadgaun-----------------Cheen Sing Sayano
Barring Nadgaun , in other villages, Dabral dominated the population and it is obvious that Dabral were Sayana or Village chiefs.
Rasam or Dastur or Custom
Kamin or Sayana used to collect tax for the Kingdom and one portion for him too. The tax for Kamin was called Rasm or Dastur in Garhwal Shah Regime. In Garhwal Shah King time, following was Rasam Tax (Dr Dabral) –
Pani –Pithai in daughter marriage- Cash rupees -2
Killing of Goat – One leg piece on each goat
Maize in Shravan Month –One Kandi or Basket
Delvery of calf or buffalo- One Mana (3/4th liter) Ghee
In Gurkha rule, Pani Pithai in daughter maarige was increased for rupees-5 and son marriage for rupees—3.
Kamin also used to levy tax for himself. His own land used to be tax free in Shah Period. Gurkha Bahadur Bhandari levied tax as per fertility or productivity of land.
Jimdar or Jimindar
Jimdari in Garhwali means farming. The farmers used to have all burdens of administration.
There were four types of Farmers in Garhwal in Shah period and Gurkha Perod-
Khaikar- Those were Khas and original Garhwal farmer who dug the land made the land for agriculture but from the beginning of Shah Dynasty, those became second grade citizen and their land ownership were given to Thatwan who were outsiders. King offered That or the ownership to them who did favor to Kingdom. Khairkar were also servants to Thatwan and his kins.
Khurni. Sirtan – Thatwan brought them in his land for agriculture or service purpose.
Chakdait
Chakdait or Bhalmanush used to spread or communicate the Kingdom messages to common people. The ordinance was sent to them and they used to communicate to people. Usually, one or two Bhalmansas used to be in a village.
There are 64 names of Bhalmansas from different’ Garkha’ (territory) of Garhwal in Gurkha inscription in Kmaleshwar Temple Shrinagar.
** History, Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Garhwal...Remaining part, read in next chapter
Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com30/3//2015
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -598
*** History of Gorkha/Gurkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal (1790-1815) to be continued in next chapter
(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
XX
Reference
Atkinson E.T., 1884, 1886 , Gazetteer of Himalayan Districts …
Hamilton F.B. 1819, An Account of Kingdom of Nepal and the territories
Colnol Kirkpatrik 1811, An Account of Kingdom of Nepal
Dr S.P Dabral, Uttarakhand ka Itihas part 5, Veer Gatha Press, Dogadda
Bandana Rai, 2009 Gorkhas,: The Warrior Race
Krishna Rai Aryal, 1975, Monarchy in Making Nepal, Shanti Sadan, Giridhara, Nepal
I.R.Aryan and T.P. Dhungyal, 1975, A New History of Nepal , Voice of Nepal
L.K Pradhan, Thapa Politics:
Gorkhavansavali, Kashi, Bikram Samvat 2021
Derek J. Waller, The Pundits: British Exploration of Tibet and Central Asia page 172-173
B. D. Pande, Kumaon ka Itihas
Sharma , Nepal ko Aitihasik Rup Rekha
Chaudhari , Anglo –Nepalese Relations
Pande, Vasudha , Compares Histriographical Traditions of Gorkha Rule in Nepal and Kumaon
Pradhan , Kumar, 1991, The Gorkha Conquests , Oxford University Press
Minyan Govrdhan Singh , History of Himachal Pradesh
A.P Coleman, 1999, A Special Corps
Captain Thomas Smith, 1852,Narrative of aFive Years Residence at Nepaul Vol.1
Maula Ram/Mola Ram , Ranbahadurchandrika and Garhrajvanshkavya
J B Fraser , Asiatic Research
Shyam Ganguli, Doon Rediscovered
XXX
Nepal Itihas, Garhwal Itihas, Kumaon Itihas, Himachal Itihas; Gurkha/Gorkha ks kumson psr Adhikar Itihas , Gurkha/Gorkha Garhwal par Shasan Itihas; Gurkha/Gorkha Rule in Kumaon, Garhwal Uttarakhand; History Gurkha/Gorkha Rule in Himachal, Uttarakhand;कुमाऊं , उत्तराखंड काइतिहास ; गढ़वाल , उत्तराखंड का इतिहास ; डोटी , पूर्व उत्तराखंड का इतिहास;गोरखाओं /गुर्खाओं का कुमाऊं पर अधिकार इतिहास ; गोरखाओं /गुर्खाओं कागढ़वाल पर अधिकार इतिहास ; गोरखाओं /गुर्खाओं का हिमाचल पर अधिकारइतिहास ; गोरखाओं /गुर्खाओं का इतिहास ; नेपाल इतिहास
Xx
History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Garhwal; History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Pauri Garhwal; History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Chamoli Garhwal; History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Rudraprayag Garhwal; History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Tehri Garhwal; History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Uttarkashi Garhwal; History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Dehradun Garhwal;
History: Gurkha/Gorkha Army Administration in Old Pauri Garhwal , History: Gurkha/Gorkha Army Administration in Old Tehri Garhwal, History: Gurkha/Gorkha Army Administration in Dehradun, Garhwal; History: Judiciary and Executive Gurkha/ Gorkha Administrative Officers in Garhwal; History: Judiciary and Executive Gurkha/ Gorkha Administrative Officers in Old Pauri Garhwal; History: Judiciary and Executive Gurkha/ Gorkha Administrative Officers in Tehri Garhwal; History: Judiciary and Executive Gurkha/ Gorkha Administrative Officers in Dehradun Garhwal; History: Judiciary and Executive Gurkha/ Gorkha Administrative Officers in Kumaon
No comments:
Post a Comment
आपका बहुत बहुत धन्यवाद
Thanks for your comments