Flora and Fauna of Garhwal – Kumaon (Uttarakhand) in Mahabharata Kulinda /Kuninda Age
History of Kumaon, Garhwal (Uttarakhand) - Part 27
Historical Aspects of Ancient communities of Kumaon-Garhwal (Uttarakhand), Himalayas-24
Historical Aspects of Kulindas or Kunindas Janpad of Uttarakhand (1400-400 B.C.) part-5
(All the History write ups are dedicated to great Historians Hari Krishna Raturi, Badri Datt Pandey and Dr Shiv Prasad Dabral)
Flora of Garhwal – Kumaon (Uttarakhand) in Mahabharata Kulinda /Kuninda Age
Mahabharata also describes the flora and fauna of Uttarakhand of Kulinda or Kuninda kingdom.
The epic tells various geographical aspects of Uttarakhand of Kulinda Age.
According to Mahabharata, there were Bel (Aegle marmalos), Khair (Acesia katchu), Bakli (Anogeissus latifolia), Kaith, Ank like trees in Bhabhar. In Bhabhar, the plants were not there on river sandy banks.
Mahabharata mentions the shrubs in many infertile places.
There were no fruit providing trees as Amaltas (Cassia fistula), Ashok , kadamb, Karuanda, Devdaru (cedar), palas, pakad, paravat, papal, munjatak, Lakuch, Shal, Sheesham, Sral, Semal, Harr and Kshaudra.
The fruit providers trees of Uttarakhand as Ambada, Anjir (figs), Anar, Am, Anvala, Ingud, kathal, Khajur (chhakl), Gambhiri, gular, Jamun, Tun, Tal, Tinduk, Tendu , Neembu, pindkhajur, bheda, bargad, Ber, bel , Bhilava, Moch (Kela) are mentioned in Mahabharata.
The flowers of Kumaon and Garhwal (Uttarakhand) in Kulinda age of Mahabharata are Ashoka, Indivar, Kaner, Kutz, Kurvak, Ketki, Kevada, Kovidar, Champa, tilak, patal, parijat, Punnag, bakul, mandar, shefaliki, Saptvarna, kamal etc. There is aflower mentined many times in Mahbharat is Kichakbenu.
The dehydration process of plants or leaves in this time was common.
The descriptions suggest that Bugyal were there and gardening was already developed at that time.
There are many trees those seemed to be fictional as long trees of banana (kadli).
Fauna of Garhwal – Kumaon (Uttarakhand) in Mahabharata Kulinda /Kuninda Age
Mahabharata mentions the animals of Kulinda age as Monkeys, lions, tigers, leopards, deer, antelopes, cats, buffalos, snakes, bear, elephants, Yak, bore,.
Mahabharata mentions birds of Kulinda era as sparrow, Kadambh, Kukkut (chiken), Kurur, Kraunch, Chakrvak, Jalkukat, Puskokil, Priyak, Plava, Bak, Bhringraj, Madgu, Saras, hans, Madhumakhi, Mosquitos,
Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti 2/05/2013
(The write up is for general readers and may not be suitable for history research scholars)
History of Garhwal – Kumaon (Uttarakhand) to be continued… Part -28
Ancient communities of Kumaon-Garhwal (Uttarakhand), Himalayas- to be continued…25
Historical Aspects of Kulindas or Kunindas Janpad of Uttarakhand (1400-400 B.C.) to be continued…6
References and Further Reading Suggestions:
Ajya Rawat, History of Garhwal
Alexander Cunningham, 1996, Coins of Ancient India: From Earliest times down to the Seventh century
Badri Datt Pandey, 1937, Kumaun ka Itihas, (second edition.) Shyam Prakashan, Almora (page 155-179)
B.P. Kamboj, 2003, Early Wall painting of Garhwal
C.M Agarwal history of Kumaon
Dabral, Shiv Prasad, 1968, Uttarakhand ka Itihas Bhag-2, (pages117 to321), Veer Gath Press, Dogadda, India
Dabral, Shiv Prasad, 1992, Kulinda Janpada
Dinesh Prasad Saklani, 1998, Ancient Communities of the Himalayas
D.D Sharma, 2009, Cultural History of Uttarakhand
D.P Agarwal, Jeewan Singh Kharakwal, 1995, Cist Burials of the Kumaun Himalayas
D.P Agarwal, J Kharakwal, 1995, Kumaon Archeology and Tradition, Almora Book, Almora
Hari Krishna Raturi, 1921, Garhwal ka Itihas
Maheshwar Prasad Joshi, 1990, Uttaranchal (Kumaon-Garhwal) : An Essay in Historical Anthropology, Shri Almora Book, Almora
Jagdish Bahadur , 2003 Indian Himalayas
J.C. Agarwal, S.P.Agarwal, S.S. Gupta, 1995, Uttarakhand: Past, Present and Future
John Whelpton, 2005, History of Nepal (page 22 , Khasa)
Khadak Singh Valdiya , 2001, Himalaya: Emergence and Evolution , Uni Press, Hyderabad, India
Khemanand Chandola, 1987 Across the Himalaya through Ages: a study of relations between Central Himalayas and Westren Tibet
K.P.Nautiyal, B.M. Khanduri, 1997, Him Kanti (page 85 for Khasa)
Kanti Prasad Nautiyal, 1969, The Archeology of Kumaon including Dehradun
K.P Nautiyal, B.M. Khanduri, 1991, Emergence of Early culture in Garhwal, Central Himalaya
Lalan Ji Gopal and Vinod Chandra Shrivastava , History of Agriculture in India (up to 1200AD(article of Dr K.P Nautiyal et all – Agriculture in Garhwal Himalayas o to 1200AD, page 162)
Minyan G. Singh, 199, Wooden temples in Himachal
M.S. S Rawat (editor), Himalaya: a Regional Perspective
Narendra Singh Bisht and T. S Bankoti, 2004, Encyclopedic Ethnography of the Himalayan Tribes (Page for Khasa – 736)
Dr. Naval Viyogi, Professor M A Ansari, 2010 History of the Later Harappans and Shilpkara Movement (two volumes) Kalpaz Publication, Delhi, India
O.C. Handa, 2003, History of Uttaranchal (Page 22 for Khashas)
O.C. Handa, 2009, Art and Architecture of Uttarakhand
O.P Kandari and O.P Gusain, 2001, Garhwal Himalaya (Pages for Khasa- 309/360)
Parmannad Gupta, 1989, Geography from Ancient Indian Coins and Seals
Prem Hari Har Lal, 1993, The Doon valley Down the Ages, Dehradun, India
R.C.Bhatt, K.P. Nautiyal, 1987-88Trans Himalayan Burials, visa vis Malari, an Assessment, JOSHARD, Vol11-12 (pp 95-101)
R.C. Naithani, 1999, Radiant Himalayas,
S S.s Negi, Back and beyond, Garhwal Himalaya: Nature, Culture and Society
S.S.s Negi, Himalayan Rivers, lakes and Glaciers
Surendra Singh, 1995, Urbanization in Garhwal Himalaya: a geographical Interpretation
Upinder Singh, 2008, History of Earlier and Medieval India.
Vishwa Chandra Ohri, 1980, Himachal Art and Archeology, State Museum, Shimla , Pages 3,5 and 65)
H. Sarkar, A.Banerji 2006, Hari Smriti , Chapter ‘ The Kunindas and their Archeology in Garhwal Himalaya (pages-391-398).
New cultural Dimension in the Central Himalayas, region of Uttarakhand, an Archeological assessment:
Carleton Stevens Coon, 1962, The Origin of Race
C.S. Coon, The Races of Europe
Dr Rameshwar Datt Gaur, 1990, Madhya Himalaya ka Vanspatik Parichay, Garhwal ki jivit Vibhutiyan aur uska Vaishishthya page 145-150
Rakhi Rawat and D.P. Vashishtha, 2011, Common Herbal Plant in Uttarakhand used in popular Medicinal preparation in Ayruveda, International Journal of Pharmacology and Photochemical Research 3(3):64-73
Mahabharata, Adiparv (119/12-13; 69/17-18; 70/2;70/4;70/7;70/21;70/14;
A.P. Singh, 2000, Birds of Lower Garhwal Himalayas, FORKTAIL, 16 (2000):101-123
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