Shunga Rule Time: India and Uttarakhand
History of Garhwal, Kumaon (Uttarakhand) - Part 43
Historical Aspects of Ancient communities of Kumaon-Garhwal (Uttarakhand), Himalayas-40
(All the History write ups are dedicated to great Historians Hari Krishna Raturi, Badri Datt Pandey and Dr Shiv Prasad Dabral)
The Greece attack on India and Patliputra not only weakened Maurya Empire but Maurya Empire became the history.
There were two strong contenders of Magadha throne after heirs of Ashoka were thrown out of power.
Pushyamitra Shunga killed last Maurya king. Pushyamitra founded Brahmin Shunga dynasty kingdom
The army chief of Magadha Pushyamitra fought within that his son Agnimitra became the king of Patliputra (Magadha). Pushyamitra performed two Ashwmedha rituals.
Pushyamitra denounced the influence of Buddhism and Pushyamitra was one of the factors for destroying Buddhism in that time.
Pushyamitra was brave and daring. Pushyamitra was a scholar and used to respect scholars. Pushyamitra reestablished Vedic system. Patanjali the Yoga and psychology scholar used to come to Pushyamitra.
The minster of Maurya rule saw that his relative Yagyasen got the throne of Vidarbha.
Later on, Agnimitra defeated Yagyasen and brought Vidarbha under his rule. Agnimitra divided Vidarbha and offered Yagyasen and Madhavsen (cousin of Yagyasen) to rule separate kingdoms as governors.
Eight sons of Agnimitra ruled Patliputra. The last Shunga dynasty king was Dev Bhuti. Devbhuti Shunga was womanizer. His minister Vasudev killed dev Bhumi Shunga and that was end of Shunga dynasty rule
.
Importance of Shunga Regime in India
The Shunga regime was strong kingdom and Shunga rule was main reason to stop further encroachment by Greece and other foreign invaders.
There was high development in the fields of management science, psychology, classic literature, art and there was editing and collection of Mahabharata, Arthashastra, Smriti types of literature in Shunga regime. Sanskrit got importance in Shunga rule. Patanjali’s Yoga sutra and Mahabhasya are important classics of this age. There was development of art and architectures. Chaitya architecture is one of the architecture of Shunga time. There was synthesis of folk art and Buddhist art in Shunga time.
The Brick Coins of Shunga from Dehradun show that at least the plains or places below hills of Uttarakhand including Saharanpur were under Shunga rule. The brick coin states that –Bhadrmitrasy Droni ghate’. It seems that Shrughan kings were under Shunga.
List of Shunga Rulers
Pushyamitra Shunga/Sunga (185-149 BCE)
Agnimitra Shunga/Sunga (149-141 BCE)
Vasujyestha Shunga/Sunga (141-131)
Vasumitra Shunga/Sunga (131-124 BCE)
Andharka Shunga/Sunga (124-122 BCE)
Pulindaka Shunga/Sunga (122-119BCE)
Ghosa Shunga/Sunga (?)
Vajiramitra Shunga /Sunga (?)
Bhagabbhadra (?)
Dev Bhuti Shunga/Sunga (83-73 BCE)
Kanva Dynasty
Kanva dynasty replaced Shunga dynasty in Magadha (73 BCE).
The kings of Kanva rule were-
Vasudeva Kanva (75-66 BCE)
Bhumimitra Kanva (66-52BCE)
Narayana Kanva (52-40BCE)
Sushraman Kanva (40BCE-30 BCE)
Kanva dynasty was succeeded by Gupta Dynasty .
Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti 15/05/2013
(The write up is aimed for general readers)
History of Garhwal – Kumaon (Uttarakhand) to be continued… Part -44
Ancient communities of Kumaon-Garhwal (Uttarakhand), Himalayas- to be continued…41
References and Further Reading Suggestions:
Ajaya Rawat, History of Garhwal
Alexander Cunningham, 1996, Coins of Ancient India: From Earliest times down to the Seventh century
Badri Datt Pandey, 1937, Kumaun ka Itihas, (second edition.) Shyam Prakashan, Almora (page 155-179)
B.P. Kamboj, 2003, Early Wall painting of Garhwal
C.M Agarwal , History of Kumaon
Dabral, Shiv Prasad, 1968, Uttarakhand ka Itihas Bhag-2, (pages117 to321), Veer Gath Press, Dogadda, India
Dabral, Shiv Prasad, 1992, Kulinda Janpada
Dinesh Prasad Saklani, 1998, Ancient Communities of the Himalayas
D.D Sharma, 2009, Cultural History of Uttarakhand
D.P Agarwal, Jeewan Singh Kharakwal, 1995, Cist Burials of the Kumaun Himalayas
D.P Agarwal, J Kharakwal, 1995, Kumaon Archeology and Tradition, Almora Book, Almora
Gyan Swarup Gupta, 199, India: From Indus Valley civilization to Mauryas
G.P. Singh, 2008, Researches into History and Civilizations of Kiratas
Hari Krishna Raturi, 1921, Garhwal ka Itihas
Imana Simha Cemjonga, 2003, History and Culture of Kirat People
Jagdish Bahadur , 2003 Indian Himalayas
J.C. Agarwal, S.P.Agarwal, S.S. Gupta, 1995, Uttarakhand: Past, Present and Future
John Whelpton, 2005, History of Nepal (page 22 , Khasa)
Khadak Singh Valdiya , 2001, Himalaya: Emergence and Evolution , Uni Press, Hyderabad, India
Khemanand Chandola, 1987 Across the Himalaya through Ages: a study of relations between Central Himalayas and Westren Tibet
K.P.Nautiyal, B.M. Khanduri, 1997, Him Kanti (page 85 for Khasa)
Kanti Prasad Nautiyal, 1969, The Archeology of Kumaon including Dehradun
K.P Nautiyal, B.M. Khanduri, 1991, Emergence of Early culture in Garhwal, Central Himalaya
Lalan Ji Gopal and Vinod Chandra Shrivastava , History of Agriculture in India (up to 1200AD(article of Dr K.P Nautiyal et all – Agriculture in Garhwal Himalayas o to 1200AD, page 162)
Maheshwar Prasad Joshi, 1990, Uttaranchal (Kumaon-Garhwal) : An Essay in Historical Anthropology, Shri Almora Book, Almora
Maheshwar Prasad Joshi, 1989, Morphogenesis of Kunindas, Cir 200B.C.-cir A.D.300
Mathpal, Yashodhar, 1998, Kumaon Painting: A Story of Living Tradition of Painting in Kumaon
Minyan G. Singh, 199, Wooden temples in Himachal
M.C.Joshi, 1978, the Khasas in the History of Uttarakhand, Swasti Sri, edited by K.V.Ravi , p.10),ND
M.S. S Rawat (editor), Himalaya: a Regional Perspective
Mamta Chaudhari, 1977 Tribes of Ancient India
Narendra Singh Bisht and T. S Bankoti, 2004, Encyclopedic Ethnography of the Himalayan Tribes (Page for Khasa – 736)
Dr. Naval Viyogi, Professor M A Ansari, 2010 History of the Later Harappans and Shilpkara Movement (two volumes) Kalpaz Publication, Delhi, India
Nitya Nand Mishra, 1994, Sources Materials of Kumauni History, Shri Almora Book Depot.
O.C. Handa, 2003, History of Uttaranchal (Page 22 for Khashas)
O.C. Handa, 2009, Art and Architecture of Uttarakhand
O.P Kandari and O.P Gusain, 2001, Garhwal Himalaya (Pages for Khasa- 309/360)
Parmannad Gupta, 1989, Geography from Ancient Indian Coins and Seals
Prem Hari Har Lal, 1993, The Doon valley Down the Ages, Dehradun, India
R.C. Bhatt, K.P. Nautiyal, 1987-88Trans Himalayan Burials, visa vis Malari, an Assessment, JOSHARD, Vol11-12 (pp 95-101)
R.C. Naithani, 1999, Radiant Himalayas,
Ram Naresh Pandey (A.S.I), Ancient and Medieval History of Western Nepal
S S.S. Negi, Back and beyond, Garhwal Himalaya: Nature, Culture and Society
S.S.S. Negi, Himalayan Rivers, lakes and Glaciers
Sukhdev Singh Charak, 1979, History and Culture of Himalayan states
Savita Saxena, 1995, The geographical Surveys of Puranas
Surendra Singh, 1995, Urbanization in Garhwal Himalaya: a geographical Interpretation
Upinder Singh, 2008, History of Earlier and Medieval India.
Vishwa Chandra Ohri, 1980, Himachal Art and Archeology, State Museum, Shimla , Pages 3,5 and 65)
H. Sarkar, A.Banerji 2006, Hari Smriti , Chapter ‘ The Kunindas and their Archeology in Garhwal Himalaya (pages-391-398).
New cultural Dimension in the Central Himalayas, region of Uttarakhand, an Archeological assessment:
Carleton Stevens Coon, 1962, The Origin of Race
C.S. Coon, The Races of Europe
Uttar Pradesh District gazetteers, 1989, Volume-23
Plant, Richard, J., 1979, Greek, Semitic, Asiatic Coins and how to read them
R.C Majumdar, Ancient Colonies in the Far East
Shiv Pad Sen, 1988, Sources of History of India, Volume -5
Vishwa Chandra Ohri, 1980, Himachal Art and Archeology
World Archeological Bulletin, 1989.p 18
Radheshyam Chaurasiya, 2002, History of Ancient India: Earliest time to 1000 AD
R.K. Nehra, 2010, Hinduism and Its Military Ethos
Chapters on African Presence in Early Asian Civilizations: A Historical Overview, Journal of African Civilizations, August 1995, Vol .X No.X pages 21-121
Radha Kumud Mukarji, 1988, Chandragupta Maurya and his Time
Om Gupta, 2006, Encyclopedia of India, Pakistan and Bangladesh
Edward James Rapson, 1923, Cambridge History of India (7 Volumes)
References for Mauryan Dynasty History
Shastri, K.A.N, 1988, Age of the Nandas and Mauryas
Bharcava, Purushottam, 1996, Chandragupta Maurya
Gergal Tania, Michael Wood, 2004, Alexander the Great
Bose, S.C.1968, Land and People of the Himalayas
Various Sanskrit Literatures, Jatakas,
Romila Thapar, 1966, A History of India, volume- one
Om Chanda Handa, 1994, Buddhist Art and Antiquates of Himachal Pradesh (Page 197)
Pargitar, Dynasties of Kali Age( Listings of Pauranik kings-Shungas)
Raychaudhri , 1953,political History of Ancient India
R.Mitra, 1880, Aintiques of Orisa
A.Cunningham 1914, Coins of Alexander’s succssors in East
V.Smith, 1906, catalogues of coins in Indian Musium Calcutta.
Tran, W.W. 1951, The Greeks in Bactria and India
Epigraphia Indica
Yazdani, A. (edit), The early History of Deccan
Aiyangar, P.T.S., 1929, History of Tamils, to 600 AD
Pillai, K.N.S., 1932, Chronology of Early Tamils
N.P Chakravarti, India and central Asia
Stein, A., 1907, Ancient Khotan
Stein, A., 1921, Serindia
Augustine P.A, 1991 Social equity in Indian Societies (page 49)
Magil,F.N., 2013,Anccient World: Dictionary of World bibliography, volume -1, page 719
Banerjee, G.N., 1995, Hellenism in India
Additional References for Shunga/Sunga Dynasty History
Kulke, Hemanat, D. Rothermund, 2004, A History of India (page 73)
Thapar, Romila, 1990, A History of India volume -1
Thapar, Romila, 2004, Early India,
B.K.Chaturvedi, 2004, Bhavishya Puran
Rivett-Camac,J.H, 1880, Memorandum on coins of Sunga Dynasty
Jha, D.N. Early India: A Concise History, page 150
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