Uttarakhand descriptions in Buddhist Literature- Jataka Sangrah
History of Kumaon, Garhwal (Uttarakhand) - Part 33
Historical Aspects of Ancient communities of Kumaon-Garhwal (Uttarakhand), Himalayas-30
(All the History write ups are dedicated to great Historians Hari Krishna Raturi, Badri Datt Pandey and Dr Shiv Prasad Dabral)
Mahabharata started for writing old historical details and sayings of elites and intellectuals.
The disciples of Gautama Buddha wrote the sayings of Buddha after his death in story styles. These old literature is called generally Jataka Literature. Jataka Sangrahas are oldest Buddhist literature and are in Pali language. The writing time of f Jataka Sangrahas are said to be from 150BCE to 400AD (Bharat Singh Upadhyaya, Pali Sahitya ka Itihas, reprinted 1994).
The Jataka Sangrahas discuss more about the regions of Bihar, upper Madhya Pradesh and eastern Uttar Pradesh.
There is more descriptions of words ’Himvant’ and Uttar Himvant’ in Jataka literature. Historians state that Himvant word was more for Nepal and Uttar Himvant was for Uttarakhand.
Hills of Uttarakhand in Jataka Literature: The places as Adhong, Ushirdhwaj, Yamun, Gandhmadan and Vipul shrines described in Jataka Sangrah were part of Uttarakhand.
Fauna of Uttarakhand in Jataka Literature- An oldest Jataka literature ‘Mahavessantrajataka’ describes peculiar l plants of plains of Uttarakhand (Dabral). Jatak Literature described and appreciated tress of Uttarakhand as Kutaj, Salal, Mango, Kosamb, Dhav, Shal, Ashwakarna, Khadir, fandan, Maluva, Padmini. Mahavans a Jataka literature describes tooth brushing plants, Anvala, Haritaki etc.
Fauna of Uttarakhand in Jataka Literature-There is description of animals of Uttarakhand as wild dogs, tigers, lions, leopards, different kinds of dear, elephants, foxes, jackals, wild ox, rhinoceros, wild cats, monkeys, bear, pigs/bore, rabbits, and other domestic animals in Jataka literature.
The Jataka literature tell us about the birds of Uttarakhand as peacock, chickens, chakor, crows, cuckoos, owls, parrots etc
Hunting- Jataka literature reveals that the plains of Uttarakhand were famous for hunting. Hunters from Banaras used to come in Uttarakhand.
Inhabitants of Uttarakhand in Jataka Literature- Jataka literature state that Kinnars were inhabitants of Uttarakhand. Kinnara communities of Uttarakhand were simple, were very happy and beautiful.
Slavery- Jataka literatures show that there was slavery custom in that time. People used to come to buy slaves in Uttarakhand.
Trading- Jataka literatures throw light on trading system of plains of Uttarakhand.
Education centers of Uttarakhand- Himalayan region were famous for education centers /Ashrmas in Jataka Literatures.
There is description of visiting of Ram pundit, Lakhan kumar and their sister Sita to Uttarakhand (Dashrath Jataka).
There is mention of Shravan Kumar and his old blind parents in Sam Jataka. Sam Jataka states that banaras king Piliyakh killed Shravan innocently.
There is mention of Vessantar Kumar of Shivides visiting Gandhmadhan shrine (Mahavessantarjataka).
There are stories about monkey and crocodile happened in Ganges in Sansumarjataka.
There is description of great Monkey –Mahkapi of Himalaya in Mahakavijataka.
Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti 6/05/2013
(The write up is aimed for general readers)
History of Garhwal – Kumaon (Uttarakhand) to be continued… Part -34
Ancient communities of Kumaon-Garhwal (Uttarakhand), Himalayas- to be continued…31
References and Further Reading Suggestions:
Ajaya Rawat, History of Garhwal
Alexander Cunningham, 1996, Coins of Ancient India: From Earliest times down to the Seventh century
Badri Datt Pandey, 1937, Kumaun ka Itihas, (second edition.) Shyam Prakashan, Almora (page 155-179)
B.P. Kamboj, 2003, Early Wall painting of Garhwal
C.M Agarwal history of Kumaon
Dabral, Shiv Prasad, 1968, Uttarakhand ka Itihas Bhag-2, (pages117 to321), Veer Gath Press, Dogadda, India
Dabral, Shiv Prasad, 1992, Kulinda Janpada
Dinesh Prasad Saklani, 1998, Ancient Communities of the Himalayas
D.D Sharma, 2009, Cultural History of Uttarakhand
D.P Agarwal, Jeewan Singh Kharakwal, 1995, Cist Burials of the Kumaun Himalayas
D.P Agarwal, J Kharakwal, 1995, Kumaon Archeology and Tradition, Almora Book, Almora
Hari Krishna Raturi, 1921, Garhwal ka Itihas
Imana Simha Cemjonga, 2003, History and Culture of Kirat People
Jagdish Bahadur , 2003 Indian Himalayas
J.C. Agarwal, S.P.Agarwal, S.S. Gupta, 1995, Uttarakhand: Past, Present and Future
John Whelpton, 2005, History of Nepal (page 22 , Khasa)
Khadak Singh Valdiya , 2001, Himalaya: Emergence and Evolution , Uni Press, Hyderabad, India
Khemanand Chandola, 1987 Across the Himalaya through Ages: a study of relations between Central Himalayas and Westren Tibet
K.P.Nautiyal, B.M. Khanduri, 1997, Him Kanti (page 85 for Khasa)
Kanti Prasad Nautiyal, 1969, The Archeology of Kumaon including Dehradun
K.P Nautiyal, B.M. Khanduri, 1991, Emergence of Early culture in Garhwal, Central Himalaya
Lalan Ji Gopal and Vinod Chandra Shrivastava , History of Agriculture in India (up to 1200AD(article of Dr K.P Nautiyal et all – Agriculture in Garhwal Himalayas o to 1200AD, page 162)
Maheshwar Prasad Joshi, 1990, Uttaranchal (Kumaon-Garhwal) : An Essay in Historical Anthropology, Shri Almora Book, Almora
Mathpal, Yashodhar, 1998, Kumaon Painting: A Story of Living Tradition of Painting in Kumaon
Minyan G. Singh, 199, Wooden temples in Himachal
M.S. S Rawat (editor), Himalaya: a Regional Perspective
Mamta Chaudhari, 1977 Tribes of Ancient India
Narendra Singh Bisht and T. S Bankoti, 2004, Encyclopedic Ethnography of the Himalayan Tribes (Page for Khasa – 736)
Dr. Naval Viyogi, Professor M A Ansari, 2010 History of the Later Harappans and Shilpkara Movement (two volumes) Kalpaz Publication, Delhi, India
O.C. Handa, 2003, History of Uttaranchal (Page 22 for Khashas)
O.C. Handa, 2009, Art and Architecture of Uttarakhand
O.P Kandari and O.P Gusain, 2001, Garhwal Himalaya (Pages for Khasa- 309/360)
Parmannad Gupta, 1989, Geography from Ancient Indian Coins and Seals
Prem Hari Har Lal, 1993, The Doon valley Down the Ages, Dehradun, India
R.C. Bhatt, K.P. Nautiyal, 1987-88Trans Himalayan Burials, visa vis Malari, an Assessment, JOSHARD, Vol11-12 (pp 95-101)
R.C. Naithani, 1999, Radiant Himalayas,
Ram Naresh Pandey (A.S.I), Ancient and Medieval History of Western Nepal
S S.S. Negi, Back and beyond, Garhwal Himalaya: Nature, Culture and Society
S.S.S. Negi, Himalayan Rivers, lakes and Glaciers
Sukhdev Singh Charak, 1979, History and Culture of Himalayan states
Savita Saxena, 1995, The geographical Surveys of Puranas
Surendra Singh, 1995, Urbanization in Garhwal Himalaya: a geographical Interpretation
Upinder Singh, 2008, History of Earlier and Medieval India.
Vishwa Chandra Ohri, 1980, Himachal Art and Archeology, State Museum, Shimla , Pages 3,5 and 65)
H. Sarkar, A.Banerji 2006, Hari Smriti , Chapter ‘ The Kunindas and their Archeology in Garhwal Himalaya (pages-391-398).
New cultural Dimension in the Central Himalayas, region of Uttarakhand, an Archeological assessment:
Carleton Stevens Coon, 1962, The Origin of Race
C.S. Coon, The Races of Europe
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