Seasonal Changes in Uttarakhand at the Mahabharata Kulinda Era
History of Kumaon, Garhwal (Uttarakhand) - Part 26
Historical Aspects of Ancient communities of Kumaon-Garhwal (Uttarakhand), Himalayas-23
Historical Aspects of Kulindas or Kunindas Janpad of Uttarakhand (1400-400 B.C.) part-4
(All write ups are dedicated to great Historians Hari Krishna Raturi, Badri Datt Pandey and Dr Shiv Prasad Dabral)
Mahabharata provides glimpses of seasons of different regions of Garhwal, Kumaon (Uttarakhand) at the time of Kulinda or Kuninda Era.
Mahabharata states that the small rivulets get dried in the plains (Bhabhar) of Garhwal and Kumaon (Uttarakhand). The animals used to feel the shortage of water and sun strokes. Many forest animals used to get delirious and used to run here and there too. It was difficult to get food for animals and birds due to dry season. There was regular animal migration in summer season. There was always forest fire in summer season in Bhabhar forests (Mahabharata, Adiparv 39/26-27; 69/18; 124.6).
The deeper rivers of Bhabhar were always with water in summer season. There were green trees with bloomed flowers around river beds. The whole fauna of Bhabhar were dependent on those deep rivers. In the hills there used to be spring season. There were tress Palas, mangos, Champa , tilak etc.
There used to be regular summer storm in the hills of Himalayas. As soon as the storms stop there used to be heavy rain or hail storms. There used to be dust storm too. It was invisible at the time of dust storm. The trees used to fell due to strong summer storms. Cloud busting was common while it was raining in summer. The air was speedy (Mahabharata, Vanparva).
The rivers were full in rainy season and the water was with full of dirt and sands.
In winter season, the rivers were calm and clean. The nights were very cold (Vanparva) .
The snow falling used to be heavy at peaks of Himalayas in winter. Glacier sliding was common and there used to be snow caves in winter. At this period, the birds never flew round peak of snowy Himalayas (Adiparv).
Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti 1/05/2013
(The write up is for general readers and may not be properly suitable for history research scholars)
History of Garhwal – Kumaon (Uttarakhand) to be continued… Part -27
Ancient communities of Kumaon-Garhwal (Uttarakhand), Himalayas- to be continued…24
Historical Aspects of Kulindas or Kunindas Janpad of Uttarakhand (1400-400 B.C.) to be continued…5
References and Further Reading Suggestions:
Ajya Rawat, History of Garhwal
Alexander Cunningham, 1996, Coins of Ancient India: From Earliest times down to the Seventh century
Badri Datt Pandey, 1937, Kumaun ka Itihas, (second edition.) Shyam Prakashan, Almora (page 155-179)
B.P. Kamboj, 2003, Early Wall painting of Garhwal
C.M Agarwal history of Kumaon
Dabral, Shiv Prasad, 1968, Uttarakhand ka Itihas Bhag-2, (pages117 to321), Veer Gath Press, Dogadda, India
Dabral, Shiv Prasad, 1992, Kulinda Janpada
Dinesh Prasad Saklani, 1998, Ancient Communities of the Himalayas
D.D Sharma, 2009, Cultural History of Uttarakhand
D.P Agarwal, Jeewan Singh Kharakwal, 1995, Cist Burials of the Kumaun Himalayas
D.P Agarwal, J Kharakwal, 1995, Kumaon Archeology and Tradition, Almora Book, Almora
Hari Krishna Raturi, 1921, Garhwal ka Itihas
Maheshwar Prasad Joshi, 1990, Uttaranchal (Kumaon-Garhwal) : An Essay in Historical Anthropology, Shri Almora Book, Almora
Jagdish Bahadur , 2003 Indian Himalayas
J.C. Agarwal, S.P.Agarwal, S.S. Gupta, 1995, Uttarakhand: Past, Present and Future
John Whelpton, 2005, History of Nepal (page 22 , Khasa)
Khadak Singh Valdiya , 2001, Himalaya: Emergence and Evolution , Uni Press, Hyderabad, India
Khemanand Chandola, 1987 Across the Himalaya through Ages: a study of relations between Central Himalayas and Westren Tibet
K.P.Nautiyal, B.M. Khanduri, 1997, Him Kanti (page 85 for Khasa)
Kanti Prasad Nautiyal, 1969, The Archeology of Kumaon including Dehradun
K.P Nautiyal, B.M. Khanduri, 1991, Emergence of Early culture in Garhwal, Central Himalaya
Lalan Ji Gopal and Vinod Chandra Shrivastava , History of Agriculture in India (up to 1200AD(article of Dr K.P Nautiyal et all – Agriculture in Garhwal Himalayas o to 1200AD, page 162)
Minyan G. Singh, 199, Wooden temples in Himachal
M.S. S Rawat (editor), Himalaya: a Regional Perspective
Narendra Singh Bisht and T. S Bankoti, 2004, Encyclopedic Ethnography of the Himalayan Tribes (Page for Khasa – 736)
Dr. Naval Viyogi, Professor M A Ansari, 2010 History of the Later Harappans and Shilpkara Movement (two volumes) Kalpaz Publication, Delhi, India
O.C. Handa, 2003, History of Uttaranchal (Page 22 for Khashas)
O.C. Handa, 2009, Art and Architecture of Uttarakhand
O.P Kandari and O.P Gusain, 2001, Garhwal Himalaya (Pages for Khasa- 309/360)
Parmannad Gupta, 1989, Geography from Ancient Indian Coins and Seals
Prem Hari Har Lal, 1993, The Doon valley Down the Ages, Dehradun, India
R.C.Bhatt, K.P. Nautiyal, 1987-88Trans Himalayan Burials, visa vis Malari, an Assessment, JOSHARD, Vol11-12 (pp 95-101)
R.C. Naithani, 1999, Radiant Himalayas,
S S.s Negi, Back and beyond, Garhwal Himalaya: Nature, Culture and Society
S.S.s Negi, Himalayan Rivers, lakes and Glaciers
Surendra Singh, 1995, Urbanization in Garhwal Himalaya: a geographical Interpretation
Upinder Singh, 2008, History of Earlier and Medieval India.
Vishwa Chandra Ohri, 1980, Himachal Art and Archeology, State Museum, Shimla , Pages 3,5 and 65)
H. Sarkar, A.Banerji 2006, Hari Smriti , Chapter ‘ The Kunindas and their Archeology in Garhwal Himalaya (pages-391-398).
New cultural Dimension in the Central Himalayas, region of Uttarakhand, an Archeological assessment:
Carleton Stevens Coon, 1962, The Origin of Race
C.S. Coon, The Races of Europe
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