Villages and Agriculture Expansion Era

British Administration in Garhwal   -145

       -

History of British Rule/Administration over Kumaun and Garhwal (1815-1947) -165

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            History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -999

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                              By: Bhishma Kukreti (History Student)

   Dr Dabral divided British rule (1815-1947) into following eras-

1-Era of Village numbers and farm land expansion from 1815-1864

2-Era of Farming land expansion by forest destruction from 1864-1914

3-Era of Exploitation and repression 1915-1947

4- Indian rule from 1947 till date – Hopelessness era

   There had been 180 degree changes from 185 to 1947 all fields of society. Initially, changes were slow and later the changes were speedy .

                                    Towns and Populations

               According to Trail the 99 % population of Uttarakhand was rural population in 1821.  There were following so called towns where markets were there and population was high-

Town -----No Houses------ Males----Females --- Children --------Total Population

Almora------742---------------1369--------1178----------968------------3114

Shrinagar-------562------------945----------887------------512-----------2344

Champawat-----161-----------338-----------  NA---------------NA-------------NA

Joshimath---------119----------225-------------322---------------101-------------648

  The female population was higher in Joshimath because, the Badrinath prostitutes (Devdasi) used to live in Joshimath.

   xxx   

References  

1-Shiv Prasad Dabral ‘Charan’, Uttarakhand ka Itihas, Part -7 Garhwal par British -Shasan, part -1, page- 332-456

2-Scatch of Kumaon 147-158

Xx

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India,bjkukreti@gmail.com /1/8/2017

History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -1000

-

*** History of British Rule/Administration over British Garhwal (Pauri, Rudraprayag, and Chamoli1815-1947) to be continued in next chapter

-

(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)

Forest settlement , History of British Rule, Administration , Policies, Revenue system,  over Garhwal, Kumaon, Uttarakhand ; Forest settlement , History of British Rule , Administration , Policies Revenue system  over Pauri Garhwal, Udham Singh Nagar Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies ,Revenue system  over Chamoli Garhwal, Nainital Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Forest settlement ,  History of British Rule, Administration, Policies ,Revenue system  over Rudraprayag Garhwal, Almora Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies ,Revenue system  over Dehradun , Champawat Kumaon, Uttarakhand ; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies, ,Revenue system  over Bageshwar  Kumaon, Uttarakhand ; Patwari , Civil Police History of British Rule, Forest settlement,  Administration, Policies, Revenue system over Haridwar, Pithoragarh Kumaon, Uttarakhand;    

Bacchiram Baurai: A Poet of Idealism

(गढ़वाल, उत्तराखंड,हिमालय से गढ़वाली कविता  क्रमगत इतिहास  भाग -174 ) 

 (Critical and Chronological History of Garhwali Poetry, part -174)

  By: Bhishma Kukreti

       Bachiram Baurai was born in 1945 in Panchraur of Khabli Patti of Pauri Garhwal. Bacchiram is one of the prominent Dhad Poetry Movement and wrote Garhwali poetries apart from Hindi poems. Bacchiram created around fifty Garhwali verses and could publish twenty poems.

 Though, Bacchiram wrote on various subjects but his intention is always creating idealistic and inspirational pomes.

  There is effect of Salani dialects on his language.

      

पैलि लक्ष्य पढ़णू  छ (जन जाग्रति की गढ़वाली कविता )

रचना --   बच्चीराम बौड़ाई  

देश का कर्णधार छवा , भविष्य की आस छवा 

समाज का सुपिन्यों का , तुम खेवनहार छवा 

वीर साहसी बणि जावा , संघर्षों पर विजय पावा 

इनि गलती नि कौरि दियां , कि गड्डम भुय्यां पोड़ि जावा 

सदनि बुद्धि अर विवेकल , काम तुम थैं करुण ह्वालू 

अगनै ही बड़दा रौँला , यु सत्य अपणाणू ह्वालू 

गांधी -लालबहादुर जनु , आदर्श तुम थैं रखणू  ह्वालू 

सभी बुराई थैं समाज से तुम थैं मिटाणू ह्वालू 

जेव्वन कु उतार -चढाव मा , घबड़ाणू नी छ 

इनु काम नि करणू , जैन बादम पछताणू ही छ 

माँ बाप गुरु अर समाज कि , सेवा मा लगणू छ

सफल जीवन तबी ह्वालू , जब देश सेवा मा लगणू छ 

सत्य -अहिंसा को बाटा पर , तुम थैं सदनि चलणू छ 

यों  सब्यों थैं साकार करण को , पैलि लक्ष्य पढ़णू छ।  

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti, 2017 -

चमोली गढ़वाल , उत्तराखंड , उत्तरी भारत कविता , लोकगीत  इतिहास ; रुद्रप्रयाग गढ़वाल , उत्तराखंड , उत्तरी भारत कविता ,लोकगीत  इतिहास ; टिहरी गढ़वाल , उत्तराखंड , उत्तरी भारत कविता , लोकगीत  इतिहास ; उत्तरकाशी गढ़वाल , उत्तराखंड , उत्तरीभारत कविता , लोकगीत  इतिहास ; देहरादून गढ़वाल , उत्तराखंड , उत्तरी भारत कविता , लोकगीत  इतिहास ; हरिद्वार गढ़वाल ,उत्तराखंड , उत्तरी भारत कविता , लोकगीत  इतिहास ; -

History and review of Garhwali Poems, Folk Song from Uttarkashi Garhwal, Uttarakhand, South Asia; History and review of Garhwali Poems, Folk Song from Tehri Garhwal, Uttarakhand, South Asia; History and review of Garhwali Poems, Folk Song from Dehradun Garhwal, Uttarakhand, South Asia; History and review of Garhwali Poems, Folk Song from Rudraprayag Garhwal, Uttarakhand, South Asia; History and review of Garhwali Poems, Folk Song from Chamoli Garhwal, Uttarakhand, South Asia; History and review of Garhwali Poems, Folk Song from Pauri Garhwal, Uttarakhand, South Asia; History  Garhwali poems from Haridwar ;

Customary Laws

British Administration in Garhwal   -143

       -

History of British Rule/Administration over Kumaun and Garhwal (1815-1947) -163

-

            History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -997

-

                              By: Bhishma Kukreti (History Student)

  Trail and his couple of successors remained Commissioners of Kumaon for long.  Those officers got fair knowledge of customary laws of Garhwal and Kumaon. Initially, they applied all customary laws for taking judiciary decisions as disputes for properties among heirs. Later on the doors for Board of Rand High courts were opened. Then, Lawyers started exploiting the situations by suggesting people for going to higher court against local judiciary decisions.  

   Mostly, in Garhwal,  Khaspeople used Khas  system of offering rights to heirs was applied even in initial British rules. However, after 1835, the government sent officials from plains to Garhwal, Kumaon. They applied laws of Indian plains as ‘Mitakshary. They believed that till solid proofs were not there court should not take decisions. Officials from plains assumed Khas as part of Hindus.

     There was unrest among people for applying rules of plains in hills.

    Tehri Riyasat published Narendra Hindu law written by Prime Minister Hari Krishna Raturi in 1917.

   United Province Government appointed Panna Lal for studying customary laws of Kumaon. Panna lal wrote a book ‘ Kumaon local customs’  and government published that book  in 1920. UP government published works of Dr L.D. Joshi as ‘Khas family law’ in 1929.  Kumaon courts took references of those books for settling Khas disputes for heirs.

    Even, crooks started taking disadvantages of book by Panna Lal.

   xxx   

References  

1-Shiv Prasad Dabral ‘Charan’, Uttarakhand ka Itihas, Part -7 Garhwal par British -Shasan, part -1, page- 313 -333

 2- Pannalal , Customary laws in Kumaon , page 6

Xx

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India,bjkukreti@gmail.com /28/7/2017

History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -998

-

*** History of British Rule/Administration over British Garhwal (Pauri, Rudraprayag, and Chamoli1815-1947) to be continued in next chapter

-

(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)

Forest settlement , History of British Rule, Administration , Policies, Revenue system,  over Garhwal, Kumaon, Uttarakhand ; Forest settlement , History of British Rule , Administration , Policies Revenue system  over Pauri Garhwal, Udham Singh Nagar Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies ,Revenue system  over Chamoli Garhwal, Nainital Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Forest settlement ,  History of British Rule, Administration, Policies ,Revenue system  over Rudraprayag Garhwal, Almora Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies ,Revenue system  over Dehradun , Champawat Kumaon, Uttarakhand ; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies, ,Revenue system  over Bageshwar  Kumaon, Uttarakhand ; Patwari , Civil Police History of British Rule, Forest settlement,  Administration, Policies, Revenue system over Haridwar, Pithoragarh Kumaon, Uttarakhand;