Kham Settlements in Garhwal Bhabhar

Characteristics of Kham Settlement in Garhwal Bhabhar -1

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                            British Administration in Garhwal   -77      

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History of British Rule/Administration over Kumaun and Garhwal (1815-1947) -95

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            History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -932

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                              By: Bhishma Kukreti (History Student)

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     There is a strip in Garhwal and Kumaon below foothills at south a plain region. That plain region is called Bhabhar. There are of Bhabhar is 58x3 miles. Dr Dabral states that it is 12 miles wide in some places.

     It is said that at initial stage of British rule, Bhabhar was human less or no establishment was there in Bhabhar. However, the historian found ruins near Mawakot pond and at a couple of other places. It means there were scanty human establishments in Bhabhar before British took over. Joshi reported that there were few villages in east Garhwal Bhabhar – south of Pataldun in nineteenth century. There were a few villages in west of Garhwal Bhabhar too. There were scanty establishments in Haldukhata region too.

   Garhwal district magistrate Colonel Grasin started establishing temporary human settlement in 1869. A few human settlements were established in Bhabhar before 1869. In 1860, British built a road named  Knadi road. In north of Kandi road was called Bhabhar region.

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com 4/12/2016

History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -933

*** History of British Rule/Administration over British Garhwal (Pauri, Rudraprayag, and Chamoli1815-1947) to be continued in next chapter

(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)

XX   

References  

 1-Shiv Prasad Dabral ‘Charan’, Uttarakhand ka Itihas, Part -7 Garhwal par British -Shasan, part -1, page- 249-278

2-Trail, Sketch of Kumaon, Asiatic Researches Vol.16 page 207

3- Walton, Garhwal Gazetteer page 150

4- Bhawani datt Joshi, Report on the Revision of Rent in Garhwal-Bhabhar page -9

Xx

History of British Rule, Administration , Policies, Revenue system,  over Garhwal, Kumaon, Uttarakhand ; History of British Rule , Administration , Policies Revenue system  over Pauri Garhwal, Udham Singh Nagar Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies ,Revenue system  over Chamoli Garhwal, Nainital Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies ,Revenue system  over Rudraprayag Garhwal, Almora Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies ,Revenue system  over Dehradun , Champawat Kumaon, Uttarakhand ; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies, ,Revenue system  over Bageshwar  Kumaon, Uttarakhand ;

History of British Rule, Administration, Policies, Revenue system over Haridwar, Pithoragarh Kumaon, Uttarakhand;   

गढवलि कविता ( जै उत्तराखंड जी )

जै कुमाऊ जै गढवाल
जै जै उत्तराखंड जी
तुम तेइ हासिल कनौ
ख्यलीं कतनै खंड जी

धुरपलिम बटेन झूट
धाद मरणु देखिल्या
सच लुक्युं डारा कु यख
अंध्यर मा तिखंड जी

फुन्ध्या फौंदारों की बार
गरिब गुरबा हणकट्ट
बांठु बिरणु खैकी पिल्ल
संड मुसटंड जी

डुबकि खूब मना छन
जौं फर सामर्थ च
बजट माछौं सि गबजट
योजनों की ढंड जी

द्यब्ता रिबड़ि बिगड़ि गैं
भलु कन क्वे हूंण तब
भगत गड़ण फर लग्यान
उच्याणो अर डण्ड जी
(स्वरचित - सुशील पोखरियाल)

Girish Pant ‘Mrinal’: Supporter for new Style in Garhwali Poetry

Critical and Chronological History of Modern Garhwali (Asian) Poetry –-140

                    Literature Historian:  Bhishma Kukreti

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   Girish Pant ‘Mrinal’ is famous for his support for new style in Garhwali lyric, Ghazal and poems. Girish Pant was born in 1967 in Bhatti village of Pauri Garhwal. Girish published more than twenty poems in various periodicals.  

     बीजि ग्याई कविता (गढ़वाली कविता )

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  खौरी  का बारा, बीजि ग्याई कविता 

लेखिक , पौढिकि , 'से ' ग्याई कविता।  

 गांधी का त्याग से रामी का तप तक 

जीतू कि प्रीत मा 'र्वै' ग्याई कविता।  

ह्यूं का हिंवाळ से , स्वाणा बुग्याळयूँ तक 

नंदा की छंतोळी तक 'छै '  ग्याई कविता।   

चौछवड़ि गाड गदेरों का पाणि से 

गंगा की औत नहे  ग्याई कविता।   

हौळ की स्यूं बटि , बांजि पुंगड़ी तक 

ढुंगा अर गार बुकै  ग्याई कविता।   

आंख्युं मा अंसधरि मन मा यकुलास 

कुजाणि कैकु क्या ख्वै ग्याई कविता।   

सूणीकि -भौणीकि , बींगीकि -जाणीकि 

कनै नि गूणी खौंळये  ग्याई कविता।   

देखिकि हाल मनखी मनख्याळी  का 

हंसी कि रूणी बौळये  ग्याई कविता।        

( साभार -- अंग्वाळ )

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Copyright @ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai; 2016

Critical and Chronological History of Asian  Modern Garhwali Folk Songs ; Critical and Chronological History of Modern Garhwali Folk Verses; Critical and Chronological History of Asian Modern Poetries; Poems Contemporary Poetries; Contemporary folk Poetries from Garhwal; Development of Modern Garhwali Folk Songs; Poems; Critical and Chronological History of South Asian    Modern Garhwali Folk Verses; Modern Poetries; Contemporary Poetries; Contemporary folk Poetries Poems  from Pauri Garhwal; Modern Garhwali Folk Songs; Modern Garhwali Folk Verses; Poems ; Modern Poetries; Contemporary Poetries; Contemporary folk Poetries from Chamoli Garhwal; Critical and Chronological History of Asian Modern Garhwali Folk Songs; Modern Garhwali Folk Verses; Poems; Critical and Chronological History of Asian  Modern Poetries; Contemporary Poetries, Poems folk Poetries from Rudraprayag Garhwal Asia; Modern Garhwali Folk Songs; ; Critical and Chronological History of Asian Modern Garhwali Folk Verses; Modern Poetries; Contemporary Poetries; Contemporary folk Poetries from Tehri Garhwal; Asia ; Poems;  Inspirational and Modern Garhwali Folk Songs; Asian Modern Garhwali Folk Verses; Modern Poetries; Contemporary Poetries; Contemporary Folk Poetries from Uttarkashi Garhwal;  Modern Garhwali Folk Songs; Modern Garhwali Folk Verses; Poems; Asian Modern Poetries; Critical and Chronological History of Asian Poems; Asian Contemporary Poetries; Contemporary folk Poetries Poems from Dehradun Garhwal; Famous Asian Poets; Famous South Asian Poet ; Famous SAARC Countries Poet ; Critical and Chronological History of Famous Asian Poets of Modern Time;

Important Aspects of Land Ownership in Garhwal from 1815-1947

Characteristics of Ibbetson Settlement in Garhwal -20

                            British Administration in Garhwal   -76      

       -

History of British Rule/Administration over Kumaun and Garhwal (1815-1947) -94

            History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -931

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                              By: Bhishma Kukreti (History Student)

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 The history of land ownership in Garhwal under British is very interesting. The initial Sayanas (Jamindar, Thokdar) those could have agreement with British offices used to request farmers for taking agriculture works in their owned land. Sayanas agreed for paying tax for huge land region but farmers were eager for settling and taking agriculture works as per their choices. British had agreement with village chiefs (Gram Padhan) for tax payment. However, the farmers under Padhan were so poor that Padhan used to pay tax on their behalf and were compelled for offering them ownership position (Hissedari or Khaikari). Slowly, after increase in prosperity and time gap, farmers came became aware that if they got land ownership, British government would protect their rights.

                 In 1842, Sayanas played tricks that they became Hissedar for land of their own brothers and Batton had to deal such complexities. Batton had to take matters for all types of crimes including land settlement. There was no help for Batton. The previous settlements had many flaws and Batton had to correct those flaws too. As soon as Beese settlement (twenty years settlement) came to an end, the Hissedar and Khaykar became aware for their land ownership rights. There was increase in land ownership disputes in the courts. In Trail period, there were nominal differences between Hissedar, Sirtan and Khaykar. Due to low population, the farmers were in stronger position for taking agriculture works from Sayanas etc. By 1864 (Becket land settlement), there was increase in population and less fertile land was available. Every famer was interested for making him as ‘Hissedar’.

     Becket made list of the villages where Khaykars were there but there were no Hissedar for those villages. Pau also prepared a list of Khaykar villages. In most of cases, Khaykar became more prosperous than Hissedar due to hard works. Hissedar were only for the sake of paper works.

    Trail wrote in 1823 that Garhwalis love their land as mother and did not like to sell or offer their land to others. Garhwalis perceived selling mother land as ‘neech kam’ (lowest degree of act).

 There were following types of mortgaging the land –

 Dhali-Folo (Scattering)- In this type, the owner offered land ownership to the buyer

Mat- The land owner mortgaged the land to the money lender but pay tax regularly. After death of seller the land buyer started paying tax.

‘Sashart Mat- The seller kept condition that as soon as he or his heirs get chance to repay the loan the new owner would hand over the land to original owner.

Bandhak- The land owner kept land mortgage for a fixed period and if not repay the loan the money lender used to become land owner.

  When in initial stage of British rule, there was clarity for land ownership, the people could sell their land with ease.

 Trail wrote in 1825 that due to clarity in land ownership in Kumaun and Garhwal, the famers from Tehri and Nepal started migrating to Garhwal and Kumaon.  

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com 3/12/2016

History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -932

*** History of British Rule/Administration over British Garhwal (Pauri, Rudraprayag, and Chamoli1815-1947) to be continued in next chapter

(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)

XX   

References  

 1-Shiv Prasad Dabral ‘Charan’, Uttarakhand ka Itihas, Part -7 Garhwal par British -Shasan, part -1, page- 234-248

2-Ibbetson, A.W., Revenue Settlement of Garhwal District, pages

3-Pauw, Garhwal settlement report, page 42

4- Tara Datt Gairola, Selected Revenue decisions of Kumaun. Page 222-223

5- Atkinson , Himalayan Districts, page 493, 464, 312

Xx

History of British Rule, Administration , Policies, Revenue system,  over Garhwal, Kumaon, Uttarakhand ; History of British Rule , Administration , Policies Revenue system  over Pauri Garhwal, Udham Singh Nagar Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies ,Revenue system  over Chamoli Garhwal, Nainital Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies ,Revenue system  over Rudraprayag Garhwal, Almora Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies ,Revenue system  over Dehradun , Champawat Kumaon, Uttarakhand ; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies, ,Revenue system  over Bageshwar  Kumaon, Uttarakhand ;

History of British Rule, Administration, Policies, Revenue system over Haridwar, Pithoragarh Kumaon, Uttarakhand;

Devesh Joshi: An Intellectual Lyricist

Critical and Chronological History of Modern Garhwali (Asian) Poetry –-139

                    Literature Historian:  Bhishma Kukreti

              Garhwali lyricist  Devesh Joshi was born in 1967 in Ganguli village of Chamoli Garhwal. Devesh has been publishing his modern lyrics here and there on various reginal periodicals.

  Devesh published his lyric collection as ‘Gham, Barkha, Chail’ in 2011 through Winsar Prakashan, Dehradun.

  There are 52 lyrics in ‘Gham, Barkha, Chail’.

  Devesh Joshi got recognition from creating marvelous Garhwali Lyrics. He creates heart touching lyrics and intellectual lyrics as well.

There are softness of Garhwal and hard hitting revolutionary thoughts in the verses by Devesh.

        Devesh illustrates all types of subjects through his lyrics. He uses customary subject as well new subject. His lyrics are of old style and do not hesitate in creating new style lyrics.

 He creates all types of images and many are new and are capable in surprising the readers.

He uses both customary and newer symbols for his expression.

  Devesh alos creates Ghazal in Garhwali.

 Narendra Singh Negi, Dr. Nand Kishor Hatwal, Lokesh Navani and Bhishma Kukreti appreciated lyrics by Devesh.

      रंग 

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Lyric by Devesh Joshi

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 लाल पिंगळा हैरा नीला 

काळा अर सुखैला 

बनि -बनि रंग का छन  

दुनिया मा 

पर विज्ञानं पढ्यां लोग ब्वलदन 

कैकू क्वी रंग नी छ 

रंग त उज्याळा मा हूंदा 

 उज्याळा का जै रंग तै हम पचै नी सकदा  

अपण भैरा खोळा मां 

वै ही रंग दिख्येंदा 

तब तू -

जु दिखेंद जथगा सुखिल भैर बिटेन 

मन को उथगा काळू होलू 

अर जु दिखेंदू जथगा ईमानदार 

वो होंद महा -बेमान  

( साभार -- अंग्वाळ )

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देवेश जोशी की गजल Ghazal by Devesh Joshi

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कबि त छटैला ई जाळा दगड्या 
कबि हमारा बि दिन आला दगड्या

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Copyright @ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai; 2016

Critical and Chronological History of Asian  Modern Garhwali Folk Songs ; Critical and Chronological History of Modern Garhwali Folk Verses; Critical and Chronological History of Asian Modern Poetries; Poems Contemporary Poetries; Contemporary folk Poetries from Garhwal; Development of Modern Garhwali Folk Songs; Poems; Critical and Chronological History of South Asian    Modern Garhwali Folk Verses; Modern Poetries; Contemporary Poetries; Contemporary folk Poetries Poems  from Pauri Garhwal; Modern Garhwali Folk Songs; Modern Garhwali Folk Verses; Poems ; Modern Poetries; Contemporary Poetries; Contemporary folk Poetries from Chamoli Garhwal; Critical and Chronological History of Asian Modern Garhwali Folk Songs; Modern Garhwali Folk Verses; Poems; Critical and Chronological History of Asian  Modern Poetries; Contemporary Poetries, Poems folk Poetries from Rudraprayag Garhwal Asia; Modern Garhwali Folk Songs; ; Critical and Chronological History of Asian Modern Garhwali Folk Verses; Modern Poetries; Contemporary Poetries; Contemporary folk Poetries from Tehri Garhwal; Asia ; Poems;  Inspirational and Modern Garhwali Folk Songs; Asian Modern Garhwali Folk Verses; Modern Poetries; Contemporary Poetries; Contemporary Folk Poetries from Uttarkashi Garhwal;  Modern Garhwali Folk Songs; Modern Garhwali Folk Verses; Poems; Asian Modern Poetries; Critical and Chronological History of Asian Poems; Asian Contemporary Poetries; Contemporary folk Poetries Poems from Dehradun Garhwal; Famous Asian Poets; Famous South Asian Poet ; Famous SAARC Countries Poet ; Critical and Chronological History of Famous Asian Poets of Modern Time;

Haliya and Sajhi in Ibbetson Settlement in Garhwal

Characteristics of Ibbetson Settlement in Garhwal -19

                            British Administration in Garhwal   -75      

       -

History of British Rule/Administration over Kumaun and Garhwal (1815-1947) -93

            History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -930

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                              By: Bhishma Kukreti (History Student)

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 Pau wrote, “ In real sense, we can’t put ‘Haliya (plough man) and Sajhi ‘ in owner category. Haliya works as servant for his master farmer or jamindar and does not have any right on the land. Sajhi is found in only in Bhabhar. Sajhi has slightly more independent position than Haliya. However, Sajhi does not have any right on the land at all. In British initial period, the position of Haliya was nearly slave. Higher castes Brahman do not plough land. Therefore, Brahmans use Harijan as Haliya for ploughing land. Land owners arrange food and shelters for Haliya. By 1836, land owners offered clothing for Haliyas once in three years only. Land owners used to pay for marriage expenses of Haliyas. There was buying and selling of Haliyas in Kumaun by 1836.”

         Though, the selling and buying of slaves was banned in Garhwal and Kumaun, the custom of keeping Haliya was remained same as past. By end of nineteenth century, there was increase in the wages for Haliya. It was informed to Pau that owners offer a blanket, clothing, food, shelter on annual basis to Haliya. Haliya looked after plough, agriculture works, cutting crops and thrashing etc.

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com 2/12/2016

History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -931

*** History of British Rule/Administration over British Garhwal (Pauri, Rudraprayag, and Chamoli1815-1947) to be continued in next chapter

(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)

XX   

References  

 1-Shiv Prasad Dabral ‘Charan’, Uttarakhand ka Itihas, Part -7 Garhwal par British -Shasan, part -1, page- 234-247

2-Ibbetson, A.W., Revenue Settlement of Garhwal District, pages

3-Pauw, Garhwal settlement report, page 42

4- Tara Datt Gairola, Selected Revenue decisions of Kumaun. Page 222-223

Xx

History of British Rule, Administration , Policies, Revenue system,  over Garhwal, Kumaon, Uttarakhand ; History of British Rule , Administration , Policies Revenue system  over Pauri Garhwal, Udham Singh Nagar Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies ,Revenue system  over Chamoli Garhwal, Nainital Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies ,Revenue system  over Rudraprayag Garhwal, Almora Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies ,Revenue system  over Dehradun , Champawat Kumaon, Uttarakhand ; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies, ,Revenue system  over Bageshwar  Kumaon, Uttarakhand ;

History of British Rule, Administration, Policies, Revenue system over Haridwar, Pithoragarh Kumaon, Uttarakhand;

नौकरी पर बैन (गढ़वाली कविता )

Modern Garhwali Verses  Songs,     Poems 
 नौकरी पर बैन (गढ़वाली कविता )

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रचना --  शैलेन्द्र झिल्डियाल   (   गढ़वाल  ) 

Poetry  by - Shailendra Jhildiyal

 

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Critical and Chronological History of Modern Garhwali (Asian) Poetry –221  

-साहित्य इतिहास , इंटरनेट प्रस्तुति और व्याख्या : भीष्म कुकरेती 

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मि नौकरी करि सक्दू 

अर कन बि चांदी 

किलकि अजक्याल अखबारुं मजि 

भंडि नौकरी छन आणि 

पर , उमर बांधी छ 

उन त मैंन कब्बि  कु 

नौकरी लग जाणु छौ पर 

नौकरी पर बैन छौ लगायूं 

तबारी उमर पर बि बैन लगै दींदा 

त मैं आज बि 

नौकरि लगि सक्दू छौ। 

(Ref-Angwal,2013)
Poetry Copyright@ Poet
Copyright @ Bhishma Kukreti  interpretation if any 

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 Critical and Chronological History of Asian Modern Garhwali Songs ,  Poets   ; Critical and Chronological History of Modern Garhwali Verses ,  Poets ; Critical and Chronological History of Asian Modern Poetries  ,  Poets  ; Poems Contemporary Poetries  ,  Poets  ; Contemporary Poetries from Garhwal; Development of Modern Garhwali Verses; Poems  ; Critical and Chronological History of South Asian    Modern Garhwali Verses  ; Modern Poetries ,  Poets  ; Contemporary Poetries,  Poets  ; Contemporary Poetries Poems  from Pauri Garhwal; Modern Garhwali Songs  ; Modern Garhwali Verses  ; Poems,  Poets   ; Modern Poetries  ; Contemporary Poetries  ; Contemporary Poetries from Chamoli Garhwal  ; Critical and Chronological History of Asian Modern Garhwali Verses ; Modern Garhwali Verses,  Poets   ; Poems,  Poets  ; Critical and Chronological History of Asian  Modern Poetries  ; Contemporary Poetries  , Poems Poetries from Rudraprayag Garhwal Asia   ,  Poets   ; Modern Garhwali Songs,  Poets    ; Critical and Chronological History of Asian Modern Garhwali Verses  ; Modern Poetries  ; Contemporary Poetries ,  Poets   ; Contemporary Poetries from Tehri Garhwal  ; Asia  ; Poems  ;  Inspirational and Modern Garhwali Verses ; Asian Modern Garhwali Verses  ; Modern Poetries; Contemporary Poetries ; Contemporary Poetries from Uttarkashi Garhwal  ;  Modern Garhwali Songs; Modern Garhwali Verses  ; Poems  ; Asian Modern Poetries  ; Critical and Chronological History of Asian Poems  ; Asian Contemporary Poetries ; Contemporary Poetries Poems from Dehradun Garhwal; Famous Asian Poets  ;  Famous South Asian Poet ; Famous SAARC Countries Poet  ; Critical and Chronological History of Famous Asian Poets of Modern Time  ;

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 पौड़ी गढ़वाल, उत्तराखंड  से गढ़वाली , कविता ; चमोली  गढ़वाल, उत्तराखंड  से गढ़वाली पद्य  , कविता ; रुद्रप्रयाग गढ़वाल, उत्तराखंड  से गढ़वाली पद्य  , कविता ;टिहरी गढ़वाल, उत्तराखंड  से गढ़वाली पद्य  , कविता ;उत्तरकाशी गढ़वाल, उत्तराखंड  से गढ़वाली पद्य  , कविता ; देहरादून गढ़वाल, उत्तराखंड  से गढ़वाली पद्य  , कविता ;