उत्तराखंडी ई-पत्रिका

Tuesday, June 4, 2013

History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar (Uttarakhand) - Part 60

History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar (Uttarakhand) in Gupta Empire Age

History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar (Uttarakhand) - Part 60

Historical Aspects of Classical Period of Haridwar -Kumaon-Garhwal (Uttarakhand), Himalayas-2

(History write ups are dedicated to great Historians Hari Krishna Raturi, Rahul Sanstyankritan, Badri Datt Pandey and Dr Shiv Prasad Dabral, Satish Chandra Kala, Dr. Patiram, K.P. Nautiyal, B.M. Khanduri, Jeewan Singh Kharakwal, Om Chanda Handa, Dinesh Saklani)

By: Bhishma Kukreti

Till Chandragupta Vikramaditya won Kartripur Uttarakhand was a free state.

Brief History of Gupta Empire (320-550AD)

Chandragupta First (280-319)

(The dates vary as per historians and there is difference of 50years in many cases)

The first ruler of Gupta dynasty in Patliputra was tribal or prosperous man -Gupta. His son was Ghatotkacchh. Their rule was limited to Magadha.

Chandragupta first was son of Ghatotkacha (240-280). Chandragupta married to daughter of highly prosperous king Licchhvi family. By marrying with Licchhvi daughter, Chandragupta got fame, prosperity, diplomatic power and all strength. His rule was consolidated to surrounding Magadha. Chandragupta started Gupt Sanvat from 319-320AD.

Samudragupta Prakramanka (335-380)

Chandragupta handed over his rule to his most capable son Samudragupta. Samudragupta included nine states of Madhyadesh and expanded his rule to west part of Yamuna. Samudragupta expanded his rule to Samtat, davak, Kamrup, Nepal, Kartripur, Malav, Arjunayan, yauyedheya, Madrak, Aabhir, Prarjun, Sankanik, Kak, Kharpadik, republicans. Samudragupta also won Madhyadesh, Mahakaushal, Mahakantar and Kalinga.

Many south kings up to Krishna river basin used to offer taxes to Samudragupta.

Samudragupta had smooth and military diplomatic relationship with Sri Lanka kingdom.

Personality of Samudragupta: Samudragupta was a strategic warrior, talented military leader and had vision. By body, Samudragupta was strong man. Samudragupta was cruel with enemies and soft with common men. Samudragupta was art, literature and music lover.

Samudragupta placed his gold coins. He got titles of Ashwamedhaparakrama, Rajadhiraj, Digvijay dhari, Vajimedha etc.

Samudragupta had big families and he lived for long as he had grandchildren too in his life time.

Ramgupta

Ramgupta was eldest son of Samudragupta and he was crowned.

From Uttarakhand history point of view Ramgupta has importance. Ramgupta attacked Kartripur and lost the battle. For his life he was ready to exchange his wife Dhruvswamini. His younger brother Chandragupta killed Kartripur chieftain, killed his brother Samudragupta, married his Bhabhi Dhruvswamini and took over Gupta kingdom. Ramgupta placed copper coins.

Chandragupta second ‘Vikramaditya’

Chandragupta took the title ‘Vikramaditya’.

Chandragupta Vikramaditya not only expanded his rule in far western India, foreign parts of north-west India and Gujarat regions but also ruled with power, discipline and grace. Chandragupta Vikramaditya shifted his capital to Ujjain from Patliputra. Chandragupta Vikramaditya also sub judged Sindhu desh.

New Vikramaditya calendar: Chandragupta started new Hindu Samvat calendar.

Nine Learned Persons in Chandragupta II court: There were famous nine learned persons in Vikramditya court. Kalidasa was one those learned persons.

Kumargupta

Kumargupta was eldest son of Chandragupta. He ruled for forty two years. Kumar Gupta assumed the title ‘Mahendraditya’. There was peace in his time and he did not expand his territory. Kumargupta was decent personality and believed on truth, pardon, economical punishment, firmness, cleanness, patience, self awareness, mind-intellect etc.

Kumargupta performed Ashwamedha Yagya for consolidation the kingdom and not for expansion. He supported art, literature and music.

There was attack from Pushyamitra of Narmada, South. His son Skandgupta diffused the attack.

Skandagupta

Skandagupta was brave as his grandfather Chandragupta. Skandagupta diffused many rebellion attacks against Gupta Empire in his father time. .

Huna attacked on Gupta Empire in his time. He was successful up to certain extent to slow down the speed of Huna. Skandagupta defeated Huna attacks perhaps near North West region.

Skandagupta had grace personality.

Punyagupta (467-473)

Skandagupta did not have any issue. His younger brother sat on the crown after death of Skandagupta. From his time the decline of Gupta Empire started. The other Gupta kings were Kumargupta II (473-476), Budhagupta (476-495?), Narsinghgupta, Kumargupta III, Vishnugupta, Vinayagupta and Bhanugupta.

Military Organization of Gupta Empire

Guptas depended heavily on infantry archers and bows.

Gupta had knowledge of siege craft, catapults and other war machines. By an estimate, Chandragupta Gupta had five lakhs infantry, fifty thousand cavalry, twenty thousand charioteers, ten thousand elephants in his army.

Administration of Gupta Empire

There was hierarchy in Gupta Empire administration. The kingdom was divided into 26 provinces. Provinces were divided into Vishaya governed by Vishaypati. Vishayapati had adhikari or officers.

Art and Culture

Gupta Period is called Golden period for art, culture, music and literature. Scholars as Harishen, veersen, Vatsbhatt, Vasuli, Ravishanti, Matrigupta, Bhritmenth, Shudrak, Amrsing were scholars of this time

Kalidasa is famous literature creator of Gupta period.

Varahmhira and Aryabhatt types of astrologers were born in this time. Astrology, mathematics was on its peak. Zero was discovered in this time.

Six of Indian philosophy books were created at this time.

Tens of great Buddhist scholars and Jain scholars created great literature in Gupta period.

Ayurvedic surgery got its prominence in this time.

Architecture, wall paintings, cave shrine arts, were also on its peak in Gupta period.

There is no doubt that for India Gupta Age was ‘Classical period’.

Though, the state of Gupta kings was secular Hindu sects were dominating sects.

Uttarakhand in Gupta Empire

Mandsaur (MP) inscriptions speak that Kumargupta ruled over Uttarakhand. Till Skandagupt, the chieftains of Uttarakhand were under Gupta regime. The copper inscription of indoor Bulandshahar state that Sarvnag was Vishaypati (administrator) of Yamuna-Ganges Doab.

Shilpkar (Craftsmen) of Uttarakhand in Gupta Period

Rahul Santyakritan states that a couple of Iron pillars of Gupta period, especially Iron pillar of Delhi were manufactured and erected by Craftsmen of Uttarakhand. That shows that metallurgy in Uttarakhand was on its well developed stage.

Haridwar (Mayapur) in Gupta Empire Age

J.S. Mishra categorically states that well planned arrangement for Kumbh Mela in Haridwar celebration started from Gupta period but there are not records to prove so (2004, Mahakumbh, page-17) .

O.P Singh mentions about Madwar Dynasty in Mayapur (near Haridwar) in post Gupta time referring Hiuen Sang travelogue after Gupta Age (1983, The Himalaya, nature, man and culture, page 291). That shows that Madwar would be a strong republican under Gupta regime.

Imperial gazette (1908-1938) states that there was a ‘smrat; 0governer Mangal Sen of Gupta King who built a fortress in Manglaur (Haridwar).

(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)

History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand) to be continued… Part -61

Historical Aspects of -Classical Period of Haridwar -Kumaon-Garhwal (Uttarakhand), Himalayas to be continued…3

Notes on History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar (Uttarakhand) in Gupta Empire Age; History of Garhwal, (Uttarakhand) in Gupta Empire Age; History of Tehri Garhwal, (Uttarakhand) in Gupta Empire Age; History of Uttarkashi Garhwal, (Uttarakhand) in Gupta Empire Age; History of Rudraprayag Garhwal, (Uttarakhand) in Gupta Empire Age; History of Chamoli Garhwal, (Uttarakhand) in Gupta Empire Age; History of Kotdwara , Lansdowne Garhwal, (Uttarakhand) in Gupta Empire Age; History of Pauri Garhwal, (Uttarakhand) in Gupta Empire Age; History of Dehradun Garhwal, (Uttarakhand) in Gupta Empire Age; History of Kumaon (Uttarakhand) in Gupta Empire Age; History of Pithoragarh Kumaon (Uttarakhand) in Gupta Empire Age; History of Bageshwar Kumaon (Uttarakhand) in Gupta Empire Age; History of Champawat Kumaon (Uttarakhand) in Gupta Empire Age; History of Almora Kumaon (Uttarakhand) in Gupta Empire Age; History of Nainital Kumaon (Uttarakhand) in Gupta Empire Age; History of Udham Singh Nagar Kumaon (Uttarakhand) in Gupta Empire Age; History of Tarai Bhabhar Kumaon (Uttarakhand) in Gupta Empire Age; History of Haridwar (Uttarakhand) in Gupta Empire Age; History of Kankhal Haridwar (Uttarakhand) in Gupta Empire Age; History of Jwalapur Haridwar (Uttarakhand) in Gupta Empire Age; History of Maglaur Haridwar (Uttarakhand) in Gupta Empire Age; History of Mohand Haridwar (Uttarakhand) in Gupta Empire Age; History of Roorkee Haridwar (Uttarakhand) in Gupta Empire Age; History of Sultanpur Haridwar (Uttarakhand) in Gupta Empire Age; History of Har ki Faidi (Paidi) Haridwar (Uttarakhand) in Gupta Empire Age;

अतिथि तुम कब जाओगे?

ढ़वाली हास्य -व्यंग्य

सौज सौज मा मजाक मसखरी

   हौंस,चबोड़,चखन्यौ
    सौज सौज मा गंभीर चर्चा ,छ्वीं

                                     अतिथि तुम कब जाओगे?

                          चबोड़्या - चखन्यौर्या: भीष्म कुकरेती (s = आधी अ )

अतिथियों ! ह्याँ बस कारो। साल छै मैना कुण तुम अपण हवा पाणि बदलणो ऐ छ्या अर तुमन त इखाक ही हवा पाणि बदली दे अर जाणों नाम इ नि लीणा छंवां। अब दुन्या भराs लोग तुम तैं घर मालिक अर हम तैं पौण समजणा छन।
हे अपसंस्कृति जनमाण वळि अतिथि ! अंग्रेजुं दगड तू ऐ छे हमन समज एकाद सालम तु चलि जैलि पण हम तै क्या पता छौ कि तू हमर खाण -पीणो - सीणो -द्यो दिवता पुजणो, बुलणो ढंग, भाषा , लारा पैरणो,अदब दीणो रिवाज अदि जगा बैठी गे अर हमर अपणि संस्कृति जनमाण वळि ध्याणि कुज्याण कखि कचरा या गूवक ढेर मा बैठीं च धौं। अर हम तैं पता बि नी कि वा बचीं बि च कि ना अर बचीं च त कैं हाल मा च ! त्वै तैं त हमन रखैल जन द्वी चार दिनों जगा दे छे अर तू त घरवळि हि बौणि गे।

अब जन कि होंद इ च बल ग्युं दगड़ घूण अर दाळु दगड़ टेर बि ऐ अंग्रेजुं प्राशासनौ दगड लाल फीता बि आयि। प्रशासन त अंग्रेजुं दगड़ सटगि ग्यायि अर हे लालफीताशाही नामौ पौण तीन त इखि भारतम अड्डा इ नि जमै बलकणम अपुण मकड़जाळ ग्राम प्रधानो अर पटवार्युं बस्तौं तक फ़ैलै याल अर हमम ए लालफीताशाही मकड़जाळ तुड़णो क्वी तरीका नी च। हे लालफीताशाही ! त्यरो मकड़जाळ तोड़णो बान हम रोज संविधान या बाइ लौजों (उप नियमों ) मा बदलाव करणा रौंदा पण ऊल्टा यु नयो नियम लालफीताशाही को नयो मकड़जाळ पैदा करी दींदो। अब त भैर देसाक विद्वान् बि मजाक करदन बल इंग्लिश ब्रौउट रेड टेपिज्म ऐंड इंडियन्स परफेक्टेड इट। पौण त द्वी तीन दिनों होंद तू त इख तीन सौ साल से हमर छत्ति मा हमर ही जमा कर्यां पत्थर पिसणि छे।

हे भ्रष्टाचार नामौ अतिथि ! ऐ त तू गेस्ट आर्टिस्ट तरां ऐ छौ पण अब त सरा फिल्मों हरेक सीन मा तू ही तू छायूँ छे। फिलम मा बिचारा हौर क्वी कलाकार हि नि दिखेणु च। अंग्रेजुं जमन मा हम भारतीयोन बि स्वाच कि जब ब्रिटिश लोग भारत तैं लुटणा इ छन त हम बि भारत तै लूटी लींदा अर तब हमन थ्वड़ा देरौ कुण त्वै भ्रस्टाचार तै गेस्ट अपीयरेंस का वास्ता बुलै छौ। अर अब यी हाल छन कि गेस्टन (मेहमानन ) सरा कूड़ पर कब्जा करी आल अर होस्ट (घौरवाळ ) मेमानौ चाकरी बजाणु च।

हे मेहमानों ! अबि भारत छोड़ो हमन कै दिन तुमारो मुख पर म्वास ना गू -मूत लपोड़ि दे तो फिर हम फर मेमानो बेज्जती करणों अभियोग नि लगैन हाँ !
हे पौणो ! अबि बि बगत च सीधी तरां से जावो निथर कै दिन हमन तुम तै खुले आम जुत्याण शुरू करी दे तो हम फर तुम तुम तै जूत्याणो भगार नि लगैन हाँ !
हे मेहमानों ! कै दिन गुस्सा मा हमन तुम तैं नंगी कौरिक रस्तों मा घसीटण शुरू करी दे तो हम पर अमानवीयता का अपराध नि लगैन हाँ!
हे अतिथियों ! अबि बि चेति जावो कखि हमन तुम तैं बीच चौराहों पर फांसी दीण शुरू करी दे तो हम फर निर्दयी होणो लांछन नि लगैन हाँ!
हे अतिथियों ! अब जावो ! निथर कै दिन हमन ल्वाड़ोन तुमारि कुलि फ़ोड़ी दे तो फिर हम पर दोष नि लगैन हाँ ।
हे अतिथियों जावो ! अबि बि बगत च। कै दिन हमन थमाळि कुलाडि उठाइ दे तो हम फर जघन्य हत्याओं अपराध नि लगैन हाँ?

Copyright @ Bhishma Kukreti 1/06/2013
(लेख सर्वथा काल्पनिक  है )

Kumbh Mela (fair): The Epic and Folk Tales about Reason behind Kumbh Mela

Folklore, Folk Legends, Folk Myths of Kumaon-Garhwal, Haridwar, Uttarkahnd-43

Epic, Marathon, Classic, Impressive, Grand, Mahabharata Folklore, Folktales, Folk Stories of Haridwar, Garhwal, Kumaon, Uttarakhand – 3

Bhishma Kukreti

Kumbh Mela is celebrated in Haridwar after every year and ‘ardh kumbh’ after every six years.

Huen sang (Xuanzang) a Chinese traveler travelled India at the time of Harshavardhan (590-647); he visited Haridwar and watched Kumbh fair in Haridwar.

Shrimad-Bhagvatam and Skandpuran Purans narrate the story behind celebrating Haridwar Kumbh fair and festival. There was fierce fight between deities and demons. The demon king defeated deity king Indra.

Deities reached to lord Vishnu for help. Lord Vishnu suggested that demons and deities should churn ocean milk for getting ‘Amrit’ (nectar), Demons became ready.

Churning of ocean milk by demons and deities started with the help of Mandrachal Mountain as blender and great snake as rope.

By churning the ocean milk there emerged many opulent materials. Then ocean generated (Amrit Kumbh) a pitcher of nectar.

There was fierce fight for Amrit (nectar) among demons and deities. The fight continued for twelve days. From time to time of fighting some of Amrit (nectar) spilled in four places -Nasik (Maharashtra), Ujjain (Madhya Pradesh), Prayag (Uttar Pradesh) and Haridwar (Uttarakhand). Therefore, due to auspiciousness Kumbh meal (Kumbh festival) is celebrated in these places after every twelve year. Ardh Kumbh is celebrated in Haridwar and Prayag only.

Kumbh Mela is celebrated at different places depending upon position of planet Jupiter (Brihaspati). When sun is in Simha planet Kumbh is celebrated in Nasik. When sun is on Vrihschik Rashi, Kumbh Mela is celebrated in Ujjain. When sun is on Makar Rashi, Kumbh mela is celebrated in Prayag.

When sun is in Aquarius (Kumbh rashi) Kumbh is celebrated in Haridwar.

Folklore, Folk Legends, Folk Myths of Kumaon-Garhwal-Haridwar (Uttarakhand) to be continued…44

Epic, Marathon, Classic, Impressive, Grand, Mahabharata Folklore, Folktales, Folk Stories of Haridwar, Garhwal, Kumaon, Uttarakhand to be continued…4

Curtsey and references:

Dr. Krishna Nand Joshi, Kumaon ka Lok Sahitya (Folklore texts of Kumaon)

Dr Trilochan Pandey, Kumaoni Bhasha aur Uska Sahity(Folklore literature of Kumaon )

Dr Siva Nand Nautiyal, Garhwal ke Lok Nrityageet (Folk Songs and Folk dances of Garhwal )

Dr Govind Chatak, Garhwali Lokgathayen (Folklore of Garhwali)

Dr. Govind Chatak, Kumaoni Lokgathayen (Folklore of Kumaoni)

Dr Urvi Datt Upadhyaya, Kumaon ki Lokgathaon ka Sahityik Adhyayan (Literary review of Folklore of Kumaon)

Dr. Dip Chand Chaudhri, 1995, Askot ka Palvansh , Gumani Shodhkendra, Uprada, Gangalighat

Dr. Prayag Joshi, Kumaon Garhwal ki Lokgathaon ka Vivechnatmak Adhyayan (Critical Review of Folklore of Kumaon and Garhwal)

Dr Dinesh Chandra Baluni, Uttarakhand ki Lokgathayen (Folklore of Uttarakhand)

Dr Jagdish (Jaggu) Naudiyal, Uttarakhand ki Sanskritik Dharohar, (Partially Folklore of Ravain)

Ramesh Matiyani ‘Shailesh’ 1959, Kumaun ki Lok Gathayen

Abodh Bandhu Bahuguna, Dhunyal (Folklore and Folk Songs of Garhwal)

Shambhu Prasad Bahuguna, Virat Hriday

Kusum Budhwar, 2010, Where Gods Dwell: Central Himalayan Folktales and Legends

C.M. Agarwal , Golu Devta, 1992, The God of Justice of Kumaon Himalayas

N.D .Paliwal, 1987, Kumaoni Lok Geet

E.S. Oakley and Tara Datt Gairola 1935, Himalayan Folklore

M.R.Anand, 2009, Understanding the Socio Cultural experiences of Pahadi folks: Jagar Gathas of Kumaon and Garhwal

Dr. Pradeep Saklani, 2008, Ethno archeology of Yamuna Valley

Shiv Narayan Singh Bisht, 1928, Gadhu Sumyal, Banghat , Pauri Garhwal

Kumaon: Kala, Shilp,aur Sanskriti www.himvan.com/webpages/dana.htm

Anjali Kapila (2004), Traditional health Practices of Kumaoni women

Bhishma Kukreti, Garhwali Lok Natkon ke Mukhy Tatva va Vivechana

Helle Primdahi, 1994, Central Himalayan Folklore: folk Songs in Rituals of the Life Cycle

Hemant Kumar Shukla, D.R. Purohit, 2012, Theories and Practices of Hurkiya Theater in Uttarakhand, Language in India Vol.12:5: 2012 Page 143- 150

Dev Singh Pokhariya, 1996, Kumauni Jagar Kathayen aur Lokgathayen

Madan Chand Bhatt, 2002, Kumaun ki Jagar Kathayen

Bhishma Kukreti, Garhwal ki Lok Kathayen, Alaknanda Prakashan

Bhishma Kukreti, Notes on History, Folk Literature of Haridwar

Notes on the Epic and Folk Tales from Uttarakhand about Reason behind Kumbh Mela; Epic and Folk Tales from Haridwar about Reason behind Kumbh Mela; Epic and Folk Tales from Pithoragarh about Reason behind Kumbh Mela; Epic and Folk Tales from Champawat about Reason behind Kumbh Mela; Epic and Folk Tales from Bageshwar about Reason behind Kumbh Mela; Epic and Folk Tales from Almora about Reason behind Kumbh Mela; Epic and Folk Tales from Nainital about Reason behind Kumbh Mela; Epic and Folk Tales from Udham Singh Nagar about Reason behind Kumbh Mela; Epic and Folk Tales from Pauri Garhwal about Reason behind Kumbh Mela; Epic and Folk Tales from Dehradun about Reason behind Kumbh Mela; Epic and Folk Tales from Uttarkashi about Reason behind Kumbh Mela; Epic and Folk Tales from Tehri Garhwal about Reason behind Kumbh Mela; Epic and Folk Tales from Chamoli Garhwal about Reason behind Kumbh Mela; Epic and Folk Tales from Rudraprayag about Reason behind Kumbh Mela

Kusuma Kolin Jagar Gatha: a Folk Tale-Folksong depicting Krishna Loving a Weaver Woman

Folklore, Folk Legends, Folk Myths of Kumaon-Garhwal, Haridwar, Uttarkahnd-42

Love Folklore, Folktales, Folk Stories of Love, Adoring, Affection, Fondness, Liking from Haridwar, Garhwal, Kumaon, Uttarakhand – 1

Bhishma Kukreti

There are many love folk songs in Haridwar, Garhwal and Kumaon. There have been love folk tales from ancient era as Shakuntala-Dushyant love tale, Mahabharata time as Arjun –Ulipi love story, Bhim-Hidamba love tale, Krishna’s love stories in this region. There are tens of love stories of medieval era and post medieval era.

The present folk love story is related to Krishna who fell in love with a Kolin-Kusuma.

कुमाऊं, गढ़वाल ,हरिद्वार की लोक गाथाएँ/जागर -42

कुमाऊं , हरिद्वार, गढ़वाल , की प्रणय गाथाएँ -1

कृष्णा और कुसुम कॉलिन प्रेम गाथा

(सन्दर्भ: डा गोविन्द चातक )

नेडु धोरू ऐगी पूस की मकरैण

तब जांदी कुसुमा मकरैणी नहैण

मकरैण नहेण जांदी जमुना का छाला

एक हात लेंदी चाँदी का लोट्या

एक हात लेंदी अंगिया धोती

तबी पैट्या कृष्ण भगीवान जुमना नहेण

माथ्या छाला नहेंदी छ कुसुमा कोलेण

तलि छाला नहेंद कृष्ण भगवान

कंचन देइ छै कुसुमा कोलेण

रूप की खजानी छई विगरौ की निसाणी

वींकी गोरी आतमा छै नौण सी कोंगळी

आग सी आंखी छई दीप जनि जोत

नहेंदी धुयेंदी स्या कुसुमा , टूटीगे एक लट

बगदी -बगदी पौंछि कृष्ण का धोरा

देखे कृष्णा सोवन की लटा

भगवान को मन मोहित ह्वेगे चित ह्वे चंचल

हेरद फ़रद भगवान तब कना बैन बोद -

कैकी स्युंदोली की या सोवन लट होलि

इनि इंका लट होलि अफु कन होली

वा त होली रूप की आंछरी

A Kolin (weaver) girl Kusuma went to take bath into Yamuna.

Kusuma was taking bat at one bank into Yamuna.

Far away, Krishna was taking bath into Yamuna.

Kusuma was the most beautiful woman of valley Yamuna

A hair of Kusuma flew towards Krishna in Yamuna.

Krishna saw the golden hair flowing in Yamuna.

Krishna thought if the hair is so beautiful the woman must be beautiful.

Krishna went in search of the woman.

Searching, Krishna reached to Kusuma’s place.

Kusuma recognized Krishna and asked,” how come you reached to a weaver house?”

Krishna told that she was in love with her.

Krishna asked about her husband. Kusuma replied that her husband gone to Indralok.

Krishna stayed at night there with Kusuma.

Her husband heard the sound of Kusuma.

In morning her husband was just to reach there that a cock started cockling.

Krishna heard the sound of cock and hid below turmeric plant.

Husband of Kusuma could not search Krishna.

Krishna blessed the cock for crest.

Krishna blessed turmeric plant would be worshipped in every auspicious ritual.

Folklore, Folk Legends, Folk Myths of Kumaon-Garhwal-Haridwar (Uttarakhand) to be continued…43

Love Folklore, Folktales, Folk Stories of Love, Adoring, Affection, Fondness, Liking from Haridwar, Garhwal, Kumaon ( Uttarakhand ) to be continued…2